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The OSI Model: Layer 5 - Session Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 3 - Network Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 1 - Physical Layer
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Suggested Articles:
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Network Fundamentals
DoS & DDoS Attacks
A Denial of Service (DoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal functioning of a website, server or network by flooding it with traff...
The OSI Model
The OSI Model: Layer 3 - Network Layer
The Network layer is responsible for routing through an internetwork and for networking addressing. This means that the Network layer is responsibl...
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Network Fundamentals
Measuring Network Performance: Test Network Thr...
Measuring network performance has always been a difficult and unclear task, mainly because most engineers and administrators are unsure which appro...
TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis
TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 4: TCP Flag Options
As we have seen in the previous pages, some TCP segments carry data while others are simple acknowledgements for previously received data. The popu...
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Netflow Articles:
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Netflow vs SNMP. Two Different Approaches to Ne...
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/94/manageengine-netflow-analyzer-intro-94d1b60f.webp)
NetFlow Analyzer: Free Download, Step-by-Step I...
In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/7d/netflow-basics-netflow-components-rfc-history-intro-7db55966.webp)
Complete Guide to Netflow: How Netflow & its Co...
This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive i...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/44/netflow-monitor-network-bandwidth-application-traffic-intro-4483acc1.webp)
Netflow: Monitor Bandwidth & Network Utilizatio...
Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, appl...
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VLAN Networks
VTP Introduction & Modes
The invention of VLANs was very much welcomed by all engineers and administrators, allowing them to extend, redesign and segment their existing network ...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/de/vtp-pruning-intro-de1aed3f.webp)
VLAN Networks
VTP Pruning
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) pruning is a feature that is used in Cisco switches to reduce unnecessary traffic in VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) trun...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/6d/vlans-access-and-trunk-links-intro-6d61908e.webp)
VLAN Networks
VLANs - Access & Trunk Links
If you've read our previous article The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs then you should feel comfortable with terms such as 'VLAN', 'Sta...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/9e/vlans-concept-intro-9ed426c3.webp)
VLAN Networks
The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs
We hear about them everywhere, vendors around the world are constantly trying to push them into every type of network and as a result, the Local Area Ne...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/ee/ospf-part2-intro-ee0a8bba.webp)
Routing
OSPF - Part 2: How OSPF Protocol Works & Basic Conce...
This article covers basic OSPF concepts and operation. We explain how OSPF works, how OSPF tables are built on an OSPF-enabled router and their purpose ...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/15/ip-routing-process-intro-151cd5a0.webp)
Routing
The IP Routing Process - Step-by-Step Analysis
We are going to analyse what happens when routing occurs on a network (IP routing process). When I was new to the networking area, I thought that all yo...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/ab/introduction-to-routing-protocols-intro-abaf4f16.webp)
Routing
Introduction to Routing Protocols
Distance Vector, Link State RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF
Routing protocols were created for routers. These protocols have been designed to allow the exchan...
![](/templates/yootheme/cache/ae/routing-protocol-igrp-intro-aebaccd7.webp)
Routing
Interior Gateway Protocol - IGRP
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary distance-vector routing protocol used in enterprise networks to exchange routing informa...
Cisco Wireless
Cisco WLC Interfaces, Ports & Their Functionality. U...
Our previous article introduced Cisco’s popular Wireless ControllerCisco’s popular Wireless Controller (WLC) devices and examined their benefits to ente...
Windows Servers
How to Install Windows Server 2012 from USB Flash – ...
Most would remember the days we had to have a CDROM or DVDROM in order to proceed with the installation of an operating system. Today, it is very common...
Palo Alto Networks
How to Register a Palo Alto Firewall and Activate Su...
This article explains how to register and activate your Palo Alto Firewall Appliance to obtain technical support, RMA hardware replacement, product upda...
Windows Servers
Windows 2003 DHCP Server Installation & Configuration
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that allows clients on a network to request network configuration settings from a server runnin...