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TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis
This article shows the TCP Header and Segment. We explain where the TCP Header and Segment are located in an Ethernet frame and also briefly view the…
The OSI Model
Here we are going to explain in detail how data travels through the OSI model. You must keep in mind that the OSI model is a guideline. It tells the…
Network Protocols
File transfer is among the most frequently used TCP/IP applications and it accounts for a lot of the network traffic on the Internet. Various standar…
Network Cabling
From the early PC days, Direct Cable Connection (DCC) was the most popular way to transfer data from one PC to another. Of course, it might seem a bi…

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Netflow Articles:

Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, applic…
In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows w…
In this article, we explore the core principles of bandwidth management and examine how modern network monitoring technologies can assist in maintain…
This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive int…

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VLAN Networks
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) pruning is a feature that is used in Cisco switches to reduce unnecessary traffic in VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) trunks…
VLAN Networks
If you've read our previous article The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs  then you should feel comfortable with terms such as 'VLAN', 'Stati…
VLAN Networks
This article deals with the popular topic of InterVLAN routing, which is used to allow routing & communication between VLAN networks. Our article anal…
VLAN Networks
We hear about them everywhere, vendors around the world are constantly trying to push them into every type of network and as a result, the Local Area Netw…

Routing
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), similar to IGRP, is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol that is used to exchange routing information…
Routing
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a popular routing protocol developed for Internet Protocol (IP) networks by the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) working…
Routing
Distance Vector, Link State RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF Routing protocols were created for routers. These protocols have been designed to allow the exchange…
Routing
We are going to analyse what happens when routing occurs on a network (IP routing process). When I was new to the networking area, I thought that all you…

Cisco Routers
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is a tunneling protocol developed by Cisco that allows the encapsulation of a wide variety of network layer protocols…
Palo Alto Networks
Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Firewalls rely on the concept of security zones in order to apply security policies. This means that access lists (fire…
Windows Servers
Sometimes renaming a domain is an essential business requirement. There are many situations, such as mergers, change of company name or migration from a t…
Windows Servers
This article describes the new Windows Server 2016 Licensing model (per-core licensing) Microsoft has implemented for its new server-based operating syste…