Articles That Might Interest:

Network Fundamentals

Network Unicast - Its role and Importance

Unicast is a communication method used in computer networking where data is sent from a single sender to a specific destination device. In this method, the sender sends the data packet to a uni…

Web Application Vulnerability Scanners

Understanding, Avoiding & Protecting Against Cros…

This article explains what a web browser cookie is and examines how Cross Site Request Forgery work by allowing hackers to intercept and access web browser cookies from unaware users trying to l…

TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 4: TCP Flag Options

As we have seen in the previous pages, some TCP segments carry data while others are simple acknowledgements for previously received data. The popular 3-way handshake utilises the SYNs and ACKs avail…

Windows Workstations (XP, 7, 8, 10, 11)

Revealing & Backing Up Your Windows 8 – Windows 8…

Backing up your Windows License Product Key is essential for reinstallation of your Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 operating system. In some cases, the Genuine Microsoft Label or Certificate Of Authenticit…

Windows Servers

Active Directory Tombstone Lifetime Modification

Tombstone is a container object that contains the deleted objects from Active Directory. Actually when an object is deleted from Active Directory, it is not physically removed from the Active Directo…

Web Application Vulnerability Scanners

Acunetix Online: Run a Free Scan for Network and…

Acunetix has refreshed its online web and network vulnerability scanner, Acunetix Online, with a massive update. The new Acunetix Online now incorporates all the features found in its on premise offe…

VLAN Networks

Dynamic VLANs

Dynamic VLANs were introduced to grant the flexibility and complexity(!) that Static VLANs did not provide. Dynamic VLANs are quite rare because of their requirements and initial administrative overh…

Cisco Routers

Configuring Dynamic NAT (NAT Overload) On A Cisco…

NAT (Network Address Translation) is a method that allows the translation (modification) of IP addresses while packets/datagrams are traversing the network. Dynamic NAT enables multiple internal host…

Cisco Services & Technologies

Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN) Deployment Models…

Following our successful article Understanding Cisco Dynamic Multipoint VPN - DMVPN, mGRE, NHRP, which serves as a brief introduction to the DMVPN concept and technologies used to achieve the flexibi…

Cisco Services & Technologies

Unified Communications Components - Understanding…

What Is Unified Communications (UC)? Unified communications is a very popular term these days and we see it appearing on almost every vendor as they rename their platforms and products to incl…

Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

802.3 Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/Sec) Model

Here we see a logical drawing of the Fast Ethernet Data Link Layer sublayers. Data is passed down from the upper layers (such as TCP/IP or Novell Netware) to the LLC sublayer. From there it is passed…

TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

Transmission Control Protocol - Part 3: The TCP H…

This article shows the TCP Header and Segment. We explain where the TCP Header and Segment are located in an Ethernet frame and also briefly view the available options in the TCP Header. Our easy-to-…