Articles That Might Interest:

Routing

The IP Routing Process - Step-by-Step Analysis

We are going to analyse what happens when routing occurs on a network (IP routing process). When I was new to the networking area, I thought that all you needed was the IP Address of the machine you…

VLAN Networks

VLAN Tagging - Understanding VLANs Ethernet Frames

We mentioned that Trunk Links are designed to pass frames (packets) from all VLANs, allowing us to connect multiple switches together and independently configure each port to a specific VLAN. However…

TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 3: TCP Header Lengt…

The third field under close examination is the TCP Header length. There really isn't that much to say about the Header length other than to explain what it represents and how to interpret its values…

Cisco Routers

Cisco Router Basics

This article will focus on Cisco's routers which can be found in almost any organization due to their popularity and market penetration. Cisco has a number of different routers, amongst them are the…

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Spanning Tree Protocol – Part 3: Bridge ID, Prior…

In this article we will examine the Spanning Tree Bridge ID structure, explain why it has increments of 4096, how VLAN information is embedded (for Per-VLAN Spanning Tree & multiple STP instances…

Network Address Translation - NAT

Static NAT - Part 2

The previous page (Static NAT - Part 1) helped us understand what exactly happens with Static NAT and how it works, and we saw a few examples of how to use it in various network configurations. This…

The OSI Model

Data Encapsulation & Decapsulation in the OSI Mod…

Here we are going to explain in detail how data travels through the OSI model. You must keep in mind that the OSI model is a guideline. It tells the computer what it's supposed to do when data needs…

Windows Servers

Windows Server 2016 Licensing Made Easy – Underst…

This article describes the new Windows Server 2016 Licensing model (per-core licensing) Microsoft has implemented for its new server-based operating system. While the Windows Server 2012 Licensing mo…

Web Application Vulnerability Scanners

Web Application Security Best Practices that Help…

Successful web application attacks and the data breaches that are resulting from these attacks, have now become everyday news, with large corporations being hit constantly. Our article covering majo…

VPN Services & Guides

The Ultimate TOR vs VPN Guide – How TOR/VPN Works…

Back then, the Internet was so very young. Those were the times of Windows Maze Screensaver, of the classy Minesweeper, of grey-white MS Paint, and of silvery floppy disks. Gone are those days. Now…

Windows Workstations (XP, 7, 8, 10, 11)

Revealing & Backing Up Your Windows 8 – Windows 8…

Backing up your Windows License Product Key is essential for reinstallation of your Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 operating system. In some cases, the Genuine Microsoft Label or Certificate Of Authenticit…

Windows Workstations (XP, 7, 8, 10, 11)

Configuring Windows 7 To Provide Secure Wireless…

Not many people are aware that Windows 7 has built-in capabilities that allow it to be transformed into a perfectly working access point so that wireless clients such as laptops, smartphones and othe…