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Linux - Unix

Linux File & Folder Permissions

File & folder security is a big part of any operating system and Linux is no exception! These permissions allow you to choose exactly who can access your files and folders, providing an overall…

VLAN Networks

VTP Introduction & Modes

The invention of VLANs was very much welcomed by all engineers and administrators, allowing them to extend, redesign and segment their existing network with minimal costs, while at the same time maki…

Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

Propagation Delay

You may know that the minimum frame size in an Ethernet network is 64 bytes or 512 bits, including the 32 bit CRC. You may also know that the maximum length of an Ethernet cable segment is 500 meters…

Windows Workstations (XP, 7, 8, 10, 11)

Configuring Windows 7 To Provide Secure Wireless…

Not many people are aware that Windows 7 has built-in capabilities that allow it to be transformed into a perfectly working access point so that wireless clients such as laptops, smartphones and othe…

VLAN Networks

Dynamic VLANs

Dynamic VLANs were introduced to grant the flexibility and complexity(!) that Static VLANs did not provide. Dynamic VLANs are quite rare because of their requirements and initial administrative overh…

ManageEngine Firewall Analyzer

Achieving Modern Compliance: Navigate PCI DSS v4…

In an era where cyber threats are growing in both volume and sophistication, failing to meet security compliance standards is no longer just a legal issue—it’s a business risk with potentially catast…

TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 5: TCP Window Size…

Our fifth section contains some very interesting fields that are used by the TCP transport protocol. We see how TCP helps control how much data is transferred per segment, make sure there are no erro…

Cisco Routers

Cisco Router 'Privileged' Mode

To get into Privileged Mode we enter the "Enable" command from User Exec Mode. If set, the router will prompt you for a password. Once in Privileged Mode, you will notice the prompt changes from ">…

Windows Servers

Active Directory Tombstone Lifetime Modification

Tombstone is a container object that contains the deleted objects from Active Directory. Actually when an object is deleted from Active Directory, it is not physically removed from the Active Directo…

Network Fundamentals

Multicast - Understand How IP Multicast Works

Multicast is a communication method used in computer networking where data is sent from a single sender to a group of destination devices. In this method, the sender sends the data packet to a speci…

Cisco Wireless

Wireless (Wifi) WEP WPA WPA2 Key Generator

The Firewall.cx Wireless LAN Key Generator will allow the generation of a WEP or WPA ASCII based encryption key and will provide the equivalent HEX or ASCII string so it can be inserted directly i…

Domain Name System (DNS)

The DNS Protocol - Part 3: DNS Query Message Form…

This section will deal with the analysis of the DNS packets by examining how DNS messages are formatted and the options and variables they contain. To fully understand a protocol, you must understand…