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Network Fundamentals

Hubs & Repeaters

Network hubs were once the primary method of interconnecting network devices to create a local area network (LAN). Hubs were inexpensive, easy to i...
Network Protocols

Understanding VPN IPSec Tunnel Mode and IPSec T...

IPSec’s protocol objective is to provide security services for IP packets such as encrypting sensitive data, authentication, protection against rep...
Subnetting

IP Subnet Calculator

This free online Subnet Calculator provides a fast and easy way to calculate all aspects of any IP Address and Subnet Mask. Simply enter your des...
Network Cabling

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) - CAT 1 to CAT5, ...

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable is most certainly by far the most popular cable around the world. UTP cable is used not only for networking but...

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Netflow Articles:

Netflow vs SNMP. Two Different Approaches to Ne...

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ...

Complete Guide to Netflow: How Netflow & its Co...

This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive i...

Netflow: Monitor Bandwidth & Network Utilizatio...

Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, appl...

NetFlow Analyzer: Free Download, Step-by-Step I...

In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows...

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VLAN Networks

Dynamic VLANs

Dynamic VLANs were introduced to grant the flexibility and complexity(!) that Static VLANs did not provide. Dynamic VLANs are quite rare because of thei...
VLAN Networks

The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs

We hear about them everywhere, vendors around the world are constantly trying to push them into every type of network and as a result, the Local Area Ne...
VLAN Networks

Static VLANs

VLANs are usually created by the network administrator, assigning each port of every switch to a VLAN. Depending on the network infrastructure and secur...
VLAN Networks

VTP Protocol - In-Depth Analysis

The previous article introduced the VTP protocol, we examined how it can be used within a network, to help manage VLANs and ease the administrative over...

Routing

Interior Gateway Protocol - IGRP

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary distance-vector routing protocol used in enterprise networks to exchange routing informa...
Routing

OSPF - Part 3: OSPF Adjacency & Neighbor Forming Pro...

This is the thrid article of our 6-part OSPF series (see below) that describes how OSPF routers perform neighbor relationship and adjacency. We’ll exami...
Routing

OSPF - Part 6: OSPF LSA Types - Purpose and Function...

Our previous article explained the purpose of Link State Update (LSU) packets and examined the Link State Advertisement (LSA) information contained with...
Routing

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Distance Vector routing protocols use frequent broadcasts (255.255.255.255 or FF:FF:FF:FF) of their entire routing table every 30 sec. on all their inte...

Windows Servers

Free Webinar: Troubleshooting & Fixing Microsoft Hyp...

Users working with Hyper-V Virtualization would be interested to know that Altaro is hosting a free webinar on the 25th of February 2016 at 4pm CET / 10...
Cisco Routers

Configuring PPTP (VPDN) Server On A Cisco Router

The Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol used to create VPN tunnels between public networks. These VPN tunnels are encrypted f...
Virtualization & VM Backup

How to Fix VMware ESXi Virtual Machine 'Invalid Status'

In this article, we'll show you how to deal with VMs which are reported to have an Invalid Status as shown in the screenshot below. This is a commo...
Cisco Routers

Configuring Cisco SSL VPN AnyConnect (WebVPN) on Cis...

Our Web SSL VPN article written back in 2011 introduced this new wave of VPN services.  This article extends the topic by covering the installation...