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Articles:
The OSI Model: Layer 5 - Session Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 4 - Transport Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 3 - Network Layer
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The OSI Model: Layer 1 - Physical Layer
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Suggested Articles:
TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 2: TCP Sequence &...
This page will closely examine the Sequence and Acknowledgement numbers. The very purpose of their existence is related directly to the fact that t...
IP Subnetting - Part 1: The Basic Concepts
When we subnet a network, we basically split it into smaller networks. For example, when a set of IP Addresses is given to a company, e.g 254 they ...
IP Subnetting - Part 2: Subnet Masks & Their Ef...
There are a few different ways to approach subnetting and it can get confusing because of the complexity of some subnets and the flexibility they o...
ICMP Protocol - Part 6: Redirect Messages
The ICMP - Redirect Message is always sent from a gateway to the host and the example below will illustrate when this is used.
Putting it simply (...
Featured Subcategories:
Netflow Articles:
Complete Guide to Netflow: How Netflow & its Co...
This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive i...
Netflow vs SNMP. Two Different Approaches to Ne...
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ...
NetFlow Analyzer: Free Download, Step-by-Step I...
In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows...
Netflow: Monitor Bandwidth & Network Utilizatio...
Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, appl...
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Comparing Traditional Flat & VLAN Networks
Designing and building a network is not a simple job. VLANs are no exception to this rule, in fact they require a more sophisticated approach because of...
The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs
We hear about them everywhere, vendors around the world are constantly trying to push them into every type of network and as a result, the Local Area Ne...
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The invention of VLANs was very much welcomed by all engineers and administrators, allowing them to extend, redesign and segment their existing network ...
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If you've read our previous article The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs then you should feel comfortable with terms such as 'VLAN', 'Sta...
OSPF - Part 1: Introduction, OSPF Packet Structure, ...
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a popular routing protocol developed for Internet Protocol (IP) networks by the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) worki...
OSPF - Part 3: OSPF Adjacency & Neighbor Forming Pro...
This is the thrid article of our 6-part OSPF series (see below) that describes how OSPF routers perform neighbor relationship and adjacency. We’ll exami...
Routed Protocols
We all understand that TCP/IP, IPX-SPX are protocols which are used in a Local Area Network (LAN) so computers can communicate between with each other a...
OSPF - Part 5: Analysis of OSPF Link State Update (L...
This article explains how OSPF uses Link State Advertisement (LSA) to exchange information about the network topology between routers. When a router rec...
Complete Guide to Upgrading Palo Alto Firewall PAN-O...
Upgrading your Palo Alto Firewall or Panorama Management System to the preferred PAN-OS release is always recommended as it ensures it remains stable, s...
DHCP Option 82 Message Format, Analysis. DHCP Snoopi...
This article provides in-depth analysis of DHCP Option 82 (DHCP Relay Agent) which is one of the +180 DHCP Options available to the DHCP protocol and us...
VLAN Security Tips - Best Practices
This article focuses on VLAN Security and its implementation within the business network environment. We provide tips and Cisco CLI commands that will h...
Palo Alto Firewall Configuration Options. Tap Mode, ...
Our previous article explained how Palo Alto Firewalls make use of Security Zones to process and enforce security policies. This article will explain th...