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Network Fundamentals

Need for Speed – The Data Tsunami & Advancement...

A long-long time ago (not long ago in earth time) 100 Mbps was THE technology. 100 Mbps uplinks bundled with ether-channel was the ultimate uplink ...
TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 5: TCP Window Siz...

Our fifth section contains some very interesting fields that are used by the TCP transport protocol. We see how TCP helps control how much data is ...
Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

Manchester Signal Encoding

The device driver software receives a frame of IP, IPX, NetBIOS, or other higher-layer protocol data. From this data, the device driver constructs ...
TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 2: TCP Sequence &...

This page will closely examine the Sequence and Acknowledgement numbers. The very purpose of their existence is related directly to the fact that t...

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Netflow Articles:

NetFlow Analyzer: Free Download, Step-by-Step I...

In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows...

Netflow: Monitor Bandwidth & Network Utilizatio...

Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, appl...

Complete Guide to Netflow: How Netflow & its Co...

This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive i...

Netflow vs SNMP. Two Different Approaches to Ne...

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ...

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VLAN Networks

VLANs - IEEE 802.1q Trunk Link Protocol Analysis

While the VLAN Tagging article briefly covered the IEEE 802.1q protocol this article will continue building upon it by further analyzing the IEEE 802.1q...
VLAN Networks

VLANs - Access & Trunk Links

If you've read our previous article The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs  then you should feel comfortable with terms such as 'VLAN', 'Sta...
VLAN Networks

VLAN InterSwitch Link (ISL) Protocol Analysis

Deciding whether to use ISL or IEEE 802.1q to power your trunk links can be quite confusing if you cannot identify the advantages and disadvantages of e...
VLAN Networks

VTP Introduction & Modes

The invention of VLANs was very much welcomed by all engineers and administrators, allowing them to extend, redesign and segment their existing network ...

Routing

OSPF - Part 6: OSPF LSA Types - Purpose and Function...

Our previous article explained the purpose of Link State Update (LSU) packets and examined the Link State Advertisement (LSA) information contained with...
Routing

Link State Routing Protocols

Link State routing protocols do not view networks in terms of adjacent routers and hop counts, but they build a comprehensive view of the overall networ...
Routing

OSPF - Part 1: Introduction, OSPF Packet Structure, ...

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a popular routing protocol developed for Internet Protocol (IP) networks by the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) worki...
Routing

OSPF - Part 2: How OSPF Protocol Works & Basic Conce...

This article covers basic OSPF concepts and operation. We explain how OSPF works, how OSPF tables are built on an OSPF-enabled router and their purpose ...

Virtualization & VM Backup

Understanding Deduplication. Complete Guide to Dedup...

When considering your VM backup solution, key features such as deduplication are incredibly important. This is not simply from a cost perspective but al...
Cisco Routers

Cisco GRE and IPSec - GRE over IPSec - Selecting and...

GRE Tunnels are very common amongst VPN implementations thanks to their simplicity and ease of configuration. With broadcasting and multicasting support...
Windows Servers

Free Webinar & eBook on Microsoft Licensing for Virt...

Microsoft Licensing for Virtual environments can become a very complicated topic, especially with all the misconceptions and false information out there...
Network Protocol Analyzers

How to Reconstruct HTTP Packets/Data & Monitor HTTP ...

HTTP reconstruction is an advanced network security feature offered by nChronos version 4.3.0 and later. nChronos is a Network Forensic Analysis applica...