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Network Fundamentals

LAN Network Topologies

Network topologies can take a bit of time to understand when you're all new to this kind of cool stuff, but it's very important to fully understand...
The OSI Model

The OSI Model: Layer 4 - Transport Layer

The Transport layer is responsible for providing mechanisms for multiplexing upper-layer application, session establishment, data transfer and tear...
The OSI Model

The OSI Model: Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

The Presentation Layer gets its name from its purpose: It presents data to the Application layer. It's basically a translator and provides coding a...
Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

Introduction to Ethernet Collisions

The word "Collision" shouldn't be any new news to people who work with networks everyday. If it is thought, don't worrie, that's why you are here. ...

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Netflow Articles:

NetFlow Analyzer: Free Download, Step-by-Step I...

In our previous article we explained how a Netflow Analyzer can help you gain visibility into your user traffic, application traffic and data flows...

Netflow: Monitor Bandwidth & Network Utilizatio...

Monitoring network traffic & bandwidth usage via Netflow is mandatory for any type and size network. Gaining visibility into user traffic, appl...

Netflow vs SNMP. Two Different Approaches to Ne...

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and Netflow are both popular protocols with admins, prized for their ability to give visibility over the ...

Complete Guide to Netflow: How Netflow & its Co...

This article will cover the basics of Netflow, including its use cases, Netflow supported devices, Netflow history, and variants. We’ll also dive i...

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VLAN Networks

VLANs - Access & Trunk Links

If you've read our previous article The VLAN Concept - Introduction to VLANs  then you should feel comfortable with terms such as 'VLAN', 'Sta...
VLAN Networks

Comparing Traditional Flat & VLAN Networks

Designing and building a network is not a simple job. VLANs are no exception to this rule, in fact they require a more sophisticated approach because of...
VLAN Networks

VLAN Tagging - Understanding VLANs Ethernet Frames

We mentioned that Trunk Links are designed to pass frames (packets) from all VLANs, allowing us to connect multiple switches together and independently ...
VLAN Networks

VLAN Security - Making the Most of VLANs

It's easy to see why virtual LANs have become extremely popular on networks of all sizes. In practical terms, multiple VLANs are pretty much the same as...

Routing

OSPF - Part 3: OSPF Adjacency & Neighbor Forming Pro...

This is the thrid article of our 6-part OSPF series (see below) that describes how OSPF routers perform neighbor relationship and adjacency. We’ll exami...
Routing

Routed Protocols

We all understand that TCP/IP, IPX-SPX are protocols which are used in a Local Area Network (LAN) so computers can communicate between with each other a...
Routing

OSPF - Part 1: Introduction, OSPF Packet Structure, ...

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a popular routing protocol developed for Internet Protocol (IP) networks by the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) worki...
Routing

OSPF - Part 5: Analysis of OSPF Link State Update (L...

This article explains how OSPF uses Link State Advertisement (LSA) to exchange information about the network topology between routers. When a router rec...

Palo Alto Networks

How to Manually Download, Import & Install PAN-OS on...

This article provides comprehensive guidance on the manual processes involved in downloading, uploading, and installing (import) any PAN-OS version on a...
Cisco Firewalls

Cisco ASA Firepower Threat Defense (FTD): Download a...

One Appliance – One Image is what Cisco is targeting for its Next Generation Firewalls. With this vision, Cisco has created a unified software image nam...
Cisco Routers

How To Configure DHCP Server On A Cisco Router

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is the protocol used by network devices (such as PCs, network printers, etc) to automatically obtain correct ...
Palo Alto Networks

Introduction to Palo Alto Next-Generation Network Fi...

During the past decade, we’ve seen the global IT security market flooded with new network security and firewall security appliances. New vendors emergin...