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Windows Servers

Troubleshooting Windows Server 2012 R2 Crashes. A…

There are umpteen reasons why your Windows Server 2012 R2 decides to present you with a Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) or the stop screen. As virtual machines become more prominent in enterprise environ…

Virtualization & VM Backup

6 Key Areas to Consider When Selecting a VM Backu…

Backup and Disaster recovery are core considerations for any business with an IT footprint, whether that is on-premises or in the cloud. Your business depends on reliable IT systems to support the b…

Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

Introduction to Ethernet Collisions

The word "Collision" shouldn't be any new news to people who work with networks everyday. If it is thought, don't worrie, that's why you are here. A collision is an event that happens on an Ethernet…

Cisco Routers

Cisco Router Modes

One of the greatest perhaps features of Cisco routers is that most commands used in the IOS software they run on, are identical across multiple platforms. For example, commands for configuring a giga…

Network Protocols

Introduction To Protocols

In the networking and communications area, a protocol is the formal specification that defines the procedures that must be followed when transmitting or receiving data. Protocols define the format, t…

Cisco Routers

Cisco Router PPP Multilink Setup and Configuration

This article provides an in-depth explanation of PPP Multilink and shows how to configure a Cisco router to use PPP Multilink between two serial interfaces (WIC-1T). We'll show you the commands that…

Subnetting

IP Subnetting - Part 3: Subnet Mask Bits & Analys…

So we have covered to some depth the subnetting topic, but there is still much to learn ! We are going to explain here the available subnet masks and analyse a Class C network, using a specific subne…

Cisco Routers

Enabling & Configuring SSH on Cisco Routers. Rest…

This article shows how to configure and setup SSH for remote management of Cisco IOS Routers. We’ll show you how to check if SSH is supported by your IOS version, how to enable it, generate an RSA ke…

Cisco Routers

Troubleshooting PPP Internet Connection On A Cisc…

The Point-to-Point Protocol is one of the most popular protocols around used by engineers, ISPs and companies around the globe for authentication of remote users & router equipment. The most com…

SASE & SD-WAN Networks

SASE and VPNs: Reconsidering your Mobile Remote A…

The Virtual Private Network (VPN) has become the go to security solution for keeping communications between networks and endpoints secure. After all, VPNs offer a straightforward, secure method for c…

Cisco Routers

Configuring Cisco Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN)…

Our DMVPN Introduction article covered the DMVPN concept and deployment designs. We explained how DMVPN combines a number of technologies that give it its flexibility, low administrative overhead and…

TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

TCP Header Anaylsis - Section 4: TCP Flag Options

As we have seen in the previous pages, some TCP segments carry data while others are simple acknowledgements for previously received data. The popular 3-way handshake utilises the SYNs and ACKs avail…