Articles That Might Interest:

Cisco Switches

DHCP Option 82 Message Format, Analysis. DHCP Sno…

This article provides in-depth analysis of DHCP Option 82 (DHCP Relay Agent) which is one of the +180 DHCP Options available to the DHCP protocol and used by the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) used for a…

VPN Services & Guides

The Ultimate TOR vs VPN Guide – How TOR/VPN Works…

Back then, the Internet was so very young. Those were the times of Windows Maze Screensaver, of the classy Minesweeper, of grey-white MS Paint, and of silvery floppy disks. Gone are those days. Now…

Cisco Switches

Complete Guide to DHCP Snooping, How it Works, Co…

This article covers popular Layer 2 & Layer 3 network attacks with a focus on DHCP Starvation Attacks, Man-in-the-Middle attacks, unintentional rogue DHCP servers and explains how security featur…

The OSI Model

The OSI Model: Layer 2 - Datalink Layer

The Datalink ensures that messages are delivered to the proper device and translates messages from the Network layer into bits for the Physical layer to transmit. It formats the message into data fra…

Network Protocols

Introduction To The ISDN Protocol

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a digital telephone standard designed to replace analogue connections by utilising ordinary copper wires that are used in standard analogue telephone sys…

ICMP Protocol

ICMP Protocol - Part 4: Destination Unreachable M…

The 'ICMP Destination unreachable' message is quite interesting, because it doesn't actually contain one message, but infact six! This means that the ICMP Destination unreachable futher breaks down i…

Windows Servers

How to Enable ‘Web Server’ Certificate Template O…

In this article we will show you how to enable the ‘Web Server’ certificate template option on a Windows Certification Authority (Windows CA) Server. The Web Server option is usually not presen…

Network Cabling

Important Direct Cable Connection Notes

This page was designed to provide some notes on Direct Cable Connection (File-transfer) of Win9x/ME/2000 with LAPLINK (Printer port) Cable or Null-Modem (serial port) Cable. We've already analysed ex…

VPN Services & Guides

VPN Hotspot - How to Stay Safe on Public & Guest…

Is Guest WiFi Safe? It’s hard to go to a pub, café, or hotel these days without running into public or guest WiFi. In many cases, an internet connection can feel like a necessity – keeping up with w…

Linux - Unix

Understanding Linux File System Quotas - Installa…

When you are running your own web hosting, it is important to monitor how much space is being used by each user. This is not a simple task to be done manually since one of the users or group could fi…

Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

IEEE 802.3 Interframe Spacing

The IEEE 802.3 specification states that before a station can attempt to transmit on the wire, it must first wait until it has heard 9.6 microseconds of silence. Many popular myths have arisen surrou…

Web Application Vulnerability Scanners

Understanding, Avoiding & Protecting Against Cros…

This article explains what a web browser cookie is and examines how Cross Site Request Forgery work by allowing hackers to intercept and access web browser cookies from unaware users trying to l…