Articles That Might Interest:

Network Cabling

Early Communication Technology - Morse Code and E…

We tend to think of digital communication as a new idea but in 1844 a man called Samuel Morse sent a message 37 miles from Washington D.C. to Baltimore, using his new invention ‘The Telegraph’. This…

Windows Servers

Installation and Configuration of Fine-Grained Pa…

Microsoft introduced Fine-Grained Password Policy for the first time in Windows Server 2008 and the policy has been part of every Windows Server since then. Fine-Grained Password Policy allows overco…

VPN Services & Guides

VPN Hotspot - How to Stay Safe on Public & Guest…

Is Guest WiFi Safe? It’s hard to go to a pub, café, or hotel these days without running into public or guest WiFi. In many cases, an internet connection can feel like a necessity – keeping up with w…

Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

Propagation Delay

You may know that the minimum frame size in an Ethernet network is 64 bytes or 512 bits, including the 32 bit CRC. You may also know that the maximum length of an Ethernet cable segment is 500 meters…

Cisco Switches

Cisco Catalyst 4500 Series Zero-Downtime IOS Upgr…

The Supervisor Engine is the heart of the Cisco Catalyst 4500 and 6500 series switches. It is the equivalent of an engine in a car. Every packet that enters or exits your switch passes through the Su…

SASE & SD-WAN Networks

The Need for a Converged SASE Platform. Convergin…

The digital transformation is pushing applications to the cloud, the 2020-2022 pandemic shifted employees to work from home, and the number of resulting new use cases is sending IT leaders scrambling…

TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

UDP Protocol - Header

This article covers the UDP protocol. We examine the structure of the UDP header, the protocols that use UDP as a transport plus a lot more. Some common protocols which use UDP are: DNS, TFTP, ARP…

Network Protocols

IPv6 Subnetting - How and Why to Subnet IPv6

In the previous tutorials, I went through the need for IPv6, and followed it up by drawing out the salient features which overcomes issues with IPv4. We took the journey of looking inside the headers…

TCP - UDP Protocol Analysis

Transmission Control Protocol - Part 1: Introduct…

Understanding how each protocol fits into the OSI Model is essential for any network engineer. This page analyses how TCP is classified as a 'transport protocol' and gives you an insight into what to…

Palo Alto Networks

How to Register a Palo Alto Firewall and Activate…

This article explains how to register and activate your Palo Alto Firewall Appliance to obtain technical support, RMA hardware replacement, product updates, antivirus updates, wildfire, antispam upda…

Linux - Unix

Configuring Linux Samba (SMB) - How to Setup Samb…

Resource sharing, like file systems and printers, in Microsoft Windows systems, is accomplished using a protocol called the Server Message Block or SMB. For working with such shared resources over a…

Ethernet Protocol, CSMA/CD, Collisions

Manchester Signal Encoding

The device driver software receives a frame of IP, IPX, NetBIOS, or other higher-layer protocol data. From this data, the device driver constructs a frame, with appropriate Ethernet header informatio…